Background
Most of us do not see our activities on the Internet as a system, and if it is a system we are not sure what that has to do with securing ourselves on the Internet. First lets look at a typical Joe Internet User in terms of the definition of system – “a set of connected things or parts forming a complex whole”. The parts are the individual services we use – GMail, Facebook, Amazon, iTunes, PayPal, Verizon and/or AT&T, etc. For each one of these we have a username and password – which may or may not be very unique. The connectivity part is the user, Joe Internet user – who is the real target of a attacker.
How you defend this type of a system is not entirely obvious, however if we flip the perspective around it may give us some insight. Specifically, how would an attacker plan to go after your accounts to their benefit?
If we assume the threat model is a high volume, Internet cyber extortionist looking for a quick return, we can characterize an attack pattern.
Phases of an Attack
A simple attack has three phases:
Compromise – This phase is where an attacker has already identified you as a target, and is probing for a weakness / vulnerability to “get inside” – compromising the system.
Mapping / Discovery – This phase is where the attacker has compromised some part of your system of services and is mapping out your other accounts / services. Since this process is essentially information gathering / compromise – it is fairly hard to detect. This information is used to plan and execute the next phase as quickly as possible.
Exploitation – This phase is where the attacker implements a plan to use the information collected to their benefit – and usually to your detriment.
An Example of a Common Attack
In this example, Joe Internet User is a typical first world Internet power user with all of the accounts listed above – GMail, FaceBook, Amazon, iTunes, PayPal, Verizon and/or AT&T, etc..
In our first example, the attacker has been perusing Facebook and found a public profile for promising target. The status updates indicate either an iPhone/iPad/Android Tablet / Smartphone etc – indicating either a iTunes or Google Play account, or both. Other references may indicate online shopping habits – enabling the attacker to identify target accounts. Most importantly, the attacker discovers the target’s primary email address – either GMail, HotMail or Yahoo (for example). Connections to other social networks (eg Twitter, Google+, Instagram, etc) provide additional sources of personal information. At this point the attacker knows where you live, your age, family / marital status, friends, pets / kids names / ages, where you work, what you do for a living, where you went to school, and what you do for fun. All from public sources.
The next part of discovery is compromising an account. The most promising is usually the primary email account. This is due to this magical feature of every Internet service – the password recovery email address. People forget passwords and people forget usernames, but every service has an email address for password recovery. This is usually setup when the account is initially created, and forgotten shortly afterwards.
To get back to our process, the attacker makes a number of educated guesses for the password for the users primary email account – and sadly most people are still using simple passwords. Is your email password based on a birthday, names (parents, spouse, kids, pets), sports team / player, personal interests? With a one or two number appended? In any case, lets just guess that an attacker will compromise a quarter of all accounts in less than 25 guesses – and our Joe Internet User GMail account has been compromised. Where does that lead us?
The attacker is patient, and access to a primary email account is a much better way to collect more useful / personal information. One of the first things an attacker is going to do is download the user contacts and email – in case the user suspects compromise and changes the password. Most webmail services provide this feature, and it ensures that the attacker has a backup of your information. At this point we have to ask a few questions about Joe Users webmail account. Does he have a folder with his online account email? Bills, credit cards, online shopping accounts? Do the contacts have birthdays, anniversaries, even Social Security numbers? We know they have addresses, email and phone numbers. Each of these helps build data for credit card fraud. At this point this is still a discovery process, and the attacker is very careful to not touch, change or leave any clues of activity.
Exploitation is the next step and the attacker will develop a plan of attack and usually the first step is based on the accounts and stored credit cards / store credit cards. For example – is there an Amazon, Tiffanys, Macys, Sears, etc online account with an credit card saved in the online store? Is the email account tied in with a Google Play Store and a credit card? The attacker can buy phones, tablets and computers using that account. Is it tied to a Verizon, AT&T, or T-Mobile with a credit card stored in the account? Once again, the attacker can buy phones and tablets from these accounts. The first think to consider for online shopping is embedded credit card numbers. Some of these are credit cards that can be removed – but most store credit cards are automatically available on the account and cannot be removed without cancelling the credit card.
The next step of exploitation is to look for signs of illegal or incriminating information that can be used to extort something from the user. Most people know this as blackmail, and although it does not occur often – it does occur. Think about the depth and breadth of highly personal information that is in your email accounts.
Going one step beyond blackmail, attackers will sometimes “hijack” all of the accounts by changing the passwords and redirecting the recovery email address to some email account held by the attacker. Then a message is sent to the user, asking for ransom to get their accounts back. Once again – this is rare, but it does occur.
Generally the last part of exploitation is where all of this personal information gathered on Joe User, his friends, family, acquaintances etc, is used to build a persona database used to apply for credit and loans – credit fraud and what is commonly known as identity theft.
A Few Simple Steps
This example shows how attackers see the collective accounts and services of Joe Internet User as a system – with Joe User as the key connective element, and how attacking a few weaknesses provides significant opportunity to the attacker.
- Learn how to create Good Passwords (and use them when possible) – I get frustrated when an account service requires an 8-12 character password, with upper case, lower case, numbers and symbol. This does create a high entropy password – but is also very difficult to remember. Take a look at this xkcd panel and think about it when you create passwords.
- Primary Email Account – Since your primary email account is your account recovery account, this account is more critical than any other account. Choose / use a quality password and if possible use two factor authentication.
- Two Factor Authentication (2FA) – If the service offers two factor authentication, referred to as “2-step verification” by Google – use it. Two factor authentication does not make an account impossible to compromise, but it makes it sufficiently hard that this type of attacker will move on as soon as they discover you are using it. Google (GMail, Google Play) and WordPress both offer free 2FA for user accounts. In both cases it is based on a mobile device app – Google Authenticator
- Stored Credit Card Numbers / Bank Account Numbers – Carefully tradeoff the convenience of storing a credit card online in an account versus the cost if it is compromised. I recommend removing any general credit card numbers.
- Store Credit Accounts – Store credit accounts are usually tied right to that stores online store and cannot be removed without closing that line of credit. Attackers know this and use this to their advantage. Consider closing those lines of credit.
- Sanitize Contacts / Email – Audit your contacts and all of your email to see what could be deleted and clean it up. How necessary is a 5 year archive of all sent mail? If you are worried about holding onto everything – back it up before cleaning. The less information available in a compromise, the lower the risk.
- Sanitize Social networks / Make your profile Private – Most of the social networks now enable you to make your profile private – so only your circles / friends can see what is on your pages. In addition, content should be cleaned up to reduce your online presence. Once again, is it really necessary to have a 5 year archive of Facebook posts?
- Unique Passwords – DO NOT use the same password for all your accounts. DO not use a couple of passwords for all your accounts. Use unique passwords for each account. If one of you accounts is compromised, make them work for each account – don’t just give it too them.
These steps will not make your accounts bulletproof, but most attackers are opportunists and these steps will harden your accounts enough for them to move on to somebody else.
